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+%3Cp%3E+Stocks+ended+Friday+mixed+after+a+roller-coaster+week+in+which+all+three+indexes+each+lost+more+than+2.5%25.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EAfter+moving+up+more+than+1%25+in+the+first+hour+of+trading%2C+stocks+steadily+retreated.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%3Cp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%3Cp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EThe+Dow+Jones+industrial+average+%28%29+closed+the+day+down+2+points%2C+or+0.02%25.+The+S%26amp%3BP+500+%28%29+moved+up+4+points%2C+or+0.3%25.+The+Nasdaq+%28%29+increased+15+points%2C+or+0.6%25.+Both+the+Dow+and+S%26amp%3BP+shed+2.8%25+for+the+week%2C+and+the+Nasdaq+dropped+3.4%25.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EPart+of+the+sell-off+came+after+Fitch+put+seven+European+countries+on+credit+watch+negative%2C+citing+the+higher+probability+that+it+could+downgrade+these+nations+in+the+next+few+months.+Still%2C+investors+breathed+a+sigh+of+relief+that+France%2C+in+particular%2C+retained+its+pristine+AAA+rating.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EBeyond+France%2C+Fitch+Ratings+also+affirmed+the+ratings+of+Belgium%2C+Spain%2C+Slovenia%2C+Italy%2C+Ireland+and+Cyprus%2C+while+putting+them+on+review+for+potential+near-term+downgrades+Friday+after+the+European+markets+closed.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%26quot%3BEveryone+was+concerned+that+France+would+lose+its+AAA%2C+so+overall+investors+are+taking+Fitch%27s+moves+as+more+of+a+positive%2C%26quot%3B+said+Michael+James%2C+senior+equity+trader+at+Wedbush+Morgan+Securities.%3C%2Fp%3EEurope%27s+odds+of+success%3Cp%3EAhead+of+the+opening+bell%2C+the+government+released+its+latest+data+on+inflation%2C+which+showed+consumer+prices+rose+at+a+3.4%25+annual+rate+in+November.+That+was+virtually+unchanged+from+the+prior+month.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%26quot%3BThe+good+news+is+that+we%27ve+had+slightly+better+economic+numbers%2C+but+the+bigger+picture+is+there%27s+no+confidence%2C%26quot%3B+said+Ted+Weisberg%2C+president+of+Seaport+Securities.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EWeisberg+and+other+traders+said+volumes+have+been+particularly+light+in+the+past+week+both+ahead+of+the+holiday+break+and+because+few+investors+have+conviction+over+the+market%27s+direction.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EFriday+also+marks+%26quot%3Bquadruple+witching%2C%26quot%3B+when+four+types+of+contracts+expire+–+those+tied+to+market+index+futures%2C+market+index+options%2C+stock+options+and+stock+futures.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EWhile+many+traders+try+to+settle+out+those+contracts+ahead+of+expiration%2C+there+is+often+some+volatility+on+the+actual+day.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%26quot%3BWhen+you+have+options+expirations%2C+it+tends+to+skew+trading%2C%26quot%3B+said+Weisberg.+%26quot%3BThey%27re+sort+of+throwaway+days.%26quot%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EU.S.+stocks+closed+higher+Thursday+on+upbeat+jobs+and+manufacturing+reports%2C+but+the+market+remains+nervous+about+the+European+debt+crisis.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EAfter+the+close+Thursday%2C+Fitch+downgraded+seven+banks%2C+including+Bank+of+America+%28%2C+Fortune+500%29%2C+Morgan+Stanley+%28%2C+Fortune+500%29%2C+and+Goldman+Sachs+%28%2C+Fortune+500%29%2C+as+well+as+Europe%27s+Barclays%2C+Societe+Generale%2C+BNP+Paribas%2C+Deutsche+Bank+and+Credit+Suisse.+Most+major+banks+ended+the+day+down%2C+with+Goldman+Sachs+dropping+almost+2%25.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EEconomy%3A+Federal+officials+also+said+Friday+that+Europe%27s+crisis+could+wind+up+being+a+job+killer+for+the+United+States.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ENew+York+Fed+President+William+Dudley+told+lawmakers+that+deterioration+in+the+European+economy+could+reduce+demand+for+U.S.+products.+And+Steven+Kamin%2C+director+of+the+division+of+international+finance+at+the+Federal+Reserve%2C+echoed+those+comments+with+equally+dire+testimony.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ECompanies%3A+Shares+of+Zynga+%28%29+rose+10%25+in+their+public+debut+on+the+Nasdaq%2C+before+closing+the+day+down+5%25+from+its+IPO+price.+The+maker+of+popular+Facebook+game+Farmville+priced+shares+at+%2410+apiece+in+the+its+initial+public+offering+late+Thursday.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EResearch+in+Motion+%28%29+shares+dropped+sharply%2C+a+day+after+the+BlackBerry+maker+offered+a+disappointing+outlook+for+the+current+quarter+and+next+year%2C+when+it+released+its+earnings+results.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EWorld+markets%3A+European+stocks+closed+the+day+with+modest+losses.+Britain%27s+FTSE+100+%28%29+ticked+down+0.3%25+while+the+DAX+%28%29+in+Germany+edged+down+0.5%25.+France%27s+CAC+40+%28%29+shed+0.9%25.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EAsian+markets+ended+higher.+The+Shanghai+Composite+%28%29+rose+2%25%2C+the+Hang+Seng+%28%29+in+Hong+Kong+gained+1.4%25+and+Japan%27s+Nikkei+%28%29+edged+higher+0.3%25.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ECurrencies+and+commodities%3A+The+dollar+fell+against+the+Japanese+yen%2C+the+euro+and+British+pound.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EOil+for+January+delivery+increased+12+cents+to+%2493.99+a+barrel.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EGold+futures+for+February+delivery+rose+%2420.70+to+%241%2C597.90+an+ounce.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EBonds%3A+The+price+on+the+benchmark+10-year+U.S.+Treasury+increased+pushing+the+yield+down+to+1.86%25+from+1.91%25+late+Thursday.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E–+CNNMoney%27s+Aaron+Smith+contributed+to+this+report.%26nbsp%3B+%3C%2Fp%3E++%3Cp%3E%3Ca+href%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F16%2Fmarkets%2Fmarkets_newyork%2Findex.htm%27+rel%3D%27nofollow%27%3ESource%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E+

Europe’s fiscal pact may save the euro from collapse and stave off worldwide financial panic. But the concerns of many investors are more personal: Will it lift my flagging 401(k)?

The answer from the stock market on Friday was hopeful. As a summit of European leaders concluded with an agreement to deal with their debt crisis, the Standard & Poor’s 500 index rose 1.7 percent, capping a second straight week of gains.

Then again, stocks have rallied after other summits _ more than a dozen in two years _ only to fall again. And the reaction to the deal from even the optimists isn’t particularly reassuring.

Hank Smith, chief investment officer of Haverford Investments, says stocks could rise “sharply and quickly” _ but only if there’s more “good news” from Europe. And that assumes you agree that Friday’s deal was good at all.

In that deal, all 17 countries that use the euro agreed to allow a central European authority to oversee their future budgets. They also agreed to automatic penalties if they spend too much.

But the deal won’t help cut debt today, which in Italy, Greece and Spain has driven government borrowing costs close to levels considered unsustainable. All eyes are now on the European Central Bank, and whether it’s willing to buy enough national bonds from those countries to keep interest rates down.

The frustration for investors is that Europe has drowned out a string of good news in the U.S. that should have moved stock prices higher. U.S. companies are making more money than ever, signs are growing the economy is recovering and stocks are cheap compared with earnings.

So far this year, investors have endured stomach-churning moves up and down in stocks. But in the end, not much has changed.

The S&P 500 has barely budged in the past 12 months. The Dow Jones industrial average, which includes some deeply troubled financial stocks not in the S&P, has performed better _ up 5 percent.

Jim Russell, equity strategist at US Bank Wealth Management, is befuddled.

“Stocks are bad _ sell them,” he says, mocking the prevailing attitude in the markets. “It doesn’t matter if you blow out earnings.”

Russell is hoping that Europe’s latest deal means U.S. investors will forget about the region for a while, focus on the fact that big U.S. companies have increased profits by double-digit percentages for 10 consecutive quarters _ and maybe even start buying again.

But the only thing he’s convinced is sure to come is more wild stock moves.

Since August, S&P 500 stocks have gyrated by 1.7 percent a day, more than twice its average over two decades. The Dow index of blue chips stocks has seen similar volatility.

The culprit: Europe.

Early last month, the Dow plunged by 389 points on news that squabbling Greek politicians might not be able to push through needed reforms. A few days later, the Italian Senate passed a new austerity budget and the Dow rose 260 points. Then it dropped 326 points over two days on fears that U.S. banks had bet too heavily on Europe continuing to pay its bills and on news of a sudden spike in Italian borrowing costs. Then, another reversal. Several central banks announced they would make it easier for European lenders to borrow themselves, and the Dow jumped 490 points fast cash advance.

In addition to tighter controls on spending, Europe’s new “fiscal compact” calls for the launch of a permanent eurozone bailout fund in 2012, a year ahead of schedule. The deal also will send 200 billion euros ($267.41 billion) to the International Monetary Fund, which controls another emergency fund for countries in crisis.

Jeffrey Sica of Sica Wealth Management thinks the pact is inadequate, and stocks could fall 15 percent once investors wake up to that fact. He doesn’t think the European Central Bank will buy enough bonds to keep borrowing costs down. And that means banks in the region holding government debt will suffer big losses, with some collapsing. U.S. banks will also get hit with losses, and the economy will struggle for years.

“We had all this anticipation leading up to the meeting,” he says. “But nothing much happened.”

Sica, who manages $1 billion for clients, sold all of his stocks in August, and put proceeds in U.S. Treasury bills and into so-called “short” bets that stocks will fall.

His view is a nightmare, but even if you don’t buy it, there is plenty to worry about.

U.S. companies have generated record profits in part by cutting costs. But there’s a limit to how much they can squeeze suppliers and pile work on remaining workers. The other path to riches has been to sell more abroad, but there are signs that may prove difficult soon, too.

This past week, Europe’s biggest economy, Germany, reported its exports plunged in October. That followed bad news from a widely-followed survey suggesting that eurozone economy had likely contracted last month, which would make it the third monthly drop in a row. Many experts now think Europe is already in recession or will soon enter one.

This matters because S&P 500 companies get 14 percent of their revenue from Europe. Not surprisingly, some CEOs have been sounding more dour lately.

Many have slashed their guidance on earnings for next year. On Friday, chemical giant DuPont and semiconductor maker Lattice Semiconductor Corp. cut their financial outlooks for the current quarter. That followed a warning from Texas Instruments Inc. a day earlier that its revenue might fall short of expectations.

“We’ve seen the market highs for the year,” says Peter Boockvar, equity strategist Miller Tabak & Co. “Europe will be in recession and corporate earnings here could be challenging.”

Russell, the US Bank strategist, agrees that Europe is in trouble but he’s still cheery about U.S. stocks. He thinks earnings at S&P companies might grow only 7 percent in 2012, half the rate this year. But he’s still urging investors to buy.

Even at that lower rate, stocks are trading at roughly 12 times their projected earnings versus a long-term average of nearly 17 times, he says.

Translation: They’re cheap.

“We think investors will like what they see,” says Russell, assuming they “refocus on fundamentals.”

Given Europe’s troubles, it’s a big assumption.

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Declaring the American middle class in jeopardy, President Barack Obama on Tuesday outlined a populist economic vision that will drive his re-election bid, insisting the United States must reclaim its standing as a country in which everyone can prosper if provided “a fair shot and a fair share.”

While never making an overt plea for a second term, Obama’s offered his most comprehensive lines of attack against the candidates seeking to take his job, only a month before Republican voters begin choosing a presidential nominee. He also sought to inject some of the long-overshadowed hope that energized his 2008 campaign, saying: “I believe America is on its way up.”

In small-town Osawatomie, in a high school gym where patriotic bunting lined the bleachers, Obama presented himself as the one fighting for shared sacrifice and success against those who would gut government and let people fend for themselves. He did so knowing the nation is riven over the question of whether economic opportunity for all is evaporating.

“Throughout the country, it’s sparked protests and political movements, from the tea party to the people who’ve been occupying the streets of New York and other cities,” Obama said.

“This is the defining issue of our time,” he said in echoing President Theodore Roosevelt’s famous speech here in 1910.

“This is a make-or-break moment for the middle class and all those who are fighting to get into the middle class,” Obama said. “At stake is whether this will be a country where working people can earn enough to raise a family, build a modest savings, own a home and secure their retirement.”

For Obama, saddled with a weak national economic recovery, the speech was a chance to break away from Washington’s incremental battles and his own small-scale executive actions. He offered a sweeping indictment of economic inequality and unleashed his own brand of prairie populism.

He spoke for nearly an hour to a supportive audience, reselling his ideas under the framework of “building a nation where we’re all better off.”

Billed as an important address that would put today’s economic debates in context, Obama’s speech seemed a bit like two packaged into one.

The first was that of the campaigner, full of loft and reclamation of American values. The second was the governing Obama, who recited his familiar jobs agenda, his feud with Congress over extending a Social Security tax cut, even his fight to get his consumer watchdog confirmed.

Obama tied himself to Roosevelt, the president and reformer who came to this town in eastern Kansas and called for a “square deal” for regular Americans. Roosevelt said then the fight for progress was a conflict “between the men who possess more than they have earned and the men who have earned more than they possess.”

It is a theme Obama is embracing in a mounting fight for re-election against Republicans who, regardless of the nominee, will attack his stewardship of the economy.

One of the leading contenders for the GOP nomination, Mitt Romney, ridiculed Obama for comparing himself to Roosevelt.

Obama “said that he is like Teddy Roosevelt,” Romney said at a campaign event in Paradise Valley, Ariz. “And I thought, `In what way is he like Teddy Roosevelt?’ Teddy Roosevelt of course founded the Bull Moose Party. One of those words applies.”

Kirsten Kukowski, spokeswoman for the Republican National Committee, said, “Maybe instead of trying to be like other presidents, Obama should try being president.”

Obama took aim at the Republicans, saying they would only return the same structures that led to America’s economic downturn. “Their philosophy is simple: We are better off when everyone is left to fend for themselves and play by their own rules,” Obama said. “I’m here to say they are wrong.”

The president conceded that the country is in the midst of a consuming re-examination on his watch, prompting national movements against both government spending and an economy that many feel disproportionately favors the elite. Obama went on the offensive about income equality, saying it distorts democracy and derails the American dream.

Responding to those who want to cut taxes and regulation in the belief success will trickle down, Obama said: “Here’s the problem: It doesn’t work. It’s never worked.”

Obama noted that Theodore Roosevelt was called a “radical, a socialist, even a communist” for putting forth ideas in his last campaign such as an eight-hour work day, a minimum wage for women, unemployment insurance and a progressive income tax.

Left unsaid: Roosevelt’s Bull Moose campaign in 1912 failed to return him to the White House.

Obama attempted to sum up the pain and peril for a society where the middle class is struggling. But he also called for individual responsibility.

“In the end,” he said, “rebuilding this economy based on fair play, a fair shot and a fair share will require all of us to see the stake we have in each other’s success.”

Obama also challenged he big banks that took bailouts from American taxpayers, pointing to “a deficit of trust between Main Street and Wall Street.” He said banks that were bailed out had an obligation to work to close that trust deficit and should be doing more to help remedy past mortgage abuses and assist middle-class taxpayers.

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China Shougang Group has tied up with Malaysia’s Hiap Teck to build a 1.8 billion ringgit ($573 million) steel mill, its first such investment outside of China.

A joint statement says the mill in Malaysia’s northern Terengganu state will produce 700,000 metric tons of steel slabs a year to cater to Southeast Asia’s growing markets when completed in mid-2013. It said Monday the mill, run by a joint venture called Eastern Steel, will later be expanded to raise output to 1.5 million metric tons.

Shougang, one of China’s top steel makers, controls 40 percent of Eastern Steel. Hiap Teck holds 55 percent.

Officials say there is strong demand in Southeast Asia, which imports more than 4 million metric tons of steel slabs annually, mostly from eastern Europe.

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Federal monitors said this week they have found more evidence that Monsanto’s genetically engineered corn is failing to kill the insects it is designed to repel.

The US Environmental Protection Agency posted a report this week saying that corn rootworm — a major agricultural pest — is damaging Monsanto’s corn. 

This summer researchers said they found evidence of problems in cornfields in Iowa and Illinois. The agency said this week, they also have found evidence of corn rootworm damage in Minnesota and Nebraska, and called Monsanto’s monitoring of the problem “inadequate.”

Researchers, in lab settings, have found evidence that the pests are growing resistant to a protein that is genetically engineered into the plants and designed to kill the pests after they consume it.

Monsanto issued a statement saying it takes the report “seriously and remains committed to working with farmers to encourage the adoption of integrated pest management practices when managing high rootworm populations on farm.”

Monsanto did not provide a company representative for an interview, but has said in a previous interview that the problem seems to be confined only to fields with high insect pressure.  The company also says there is no “scientific confirmation” that the pest is developing resistance to the protein.

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U.S. battery maker Johnson Controls is at odds with Shanghai’s environmental regulator over tests the company says show it was not responsible for severe lead poisoning cases in children discovered earlier this year.

The Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based company said Wednesday that an investigation by the China Electric Equipment Industry Association found its battery factory in Shanghai’s eastern suburbs was not the cause of elevated blood-lead levels among children in a nearby community. Instead, it pinned blame on a recycling facility in the area.

Shanghai Environment Bureau official Ju Chunfang, who participated in testing the Johnson Control plant, questioned the investigation, saying it was not independent. Ju said the bureau began another investigation of its own last week.

Johnson Controls denied Ju’s contention that the company had agreed it was the largest source of lead emissions in the area.

Local officials insisted the plant, which is much larger than other battery factories in the area, had to be the cause of the poisoning cases. In an interview, Ju cited several instances of occasionally high emissions readings and prevailing wind patterns as the reason for that allegation.

Xia Qing, the scientist who led the probe cited by Johnson Controls, said it was commissioned by the Electric Equipment Industry Association and was not paid for by the battery maker.

The tests showed abnormally high lead levels at a waste recycling facility near the community whose children were poisoned, with lead levels three times the current national standard and 10 times a pending stricter national standard. Zinc levels were 15 times national standards.

“I have three conclusions. First, trust the Chinese environmental protection laws. Second, the lead poisonings were not caused by Johnson Controls. And third, pay more attention to the recycling stations and companies,” said Xia, an engineer with the China Research Academy of Environmental Science.

Soaring use of cars and electric scooters is driving strong demand for lead acid batteries, and their production and recycling are a key source of lead contamination.

China shut down hundreds of battery factories last spring after a slew of lead poisoning cases. Many have remained shut.

The lead contamination drew attention after families living in Kanghua New Village, a small block of apartment buildings erected to house farm families moved to make way for an industrial zone, said checks showed many of their children had abnormally high blood lead levels no fax payday loan.

The Johnson Controls factory suspended production in September after it reached its annual quota for lead use. The plant has sought permission to expand production, but local environmental officials say such requests will not be approved due to concerns over lead emissions.

Johnson Controls says it intends to resume production in January at the factory, which has an annual capacity of 2.5 million batteries.

“We’ve called our employees back. We’re pretty excited,” said Alex Molinaroli, president of Johnson Controls Power Solutions.

“The results corroborate our own data and prove that emissions from our battery plant could not be the cause of elevated blood-lead levels found in the community,” he said.

Johnson Controls, a major supplier to the automotive industry, had insisted all along that its plant’s emission controls would have prevented any significant contamination.

Production at a second, smaller battery plant in the area had also been stopped.

Kanghua is located just north of the zone and close to chemical, battery and electronics equipment factories.

Johnson Controls earlier said its factory has lead emissions at about one-seventh the Chinese national standard. Employees are regularly tested to ensure their blood lead levels remain low enough.

Some experts say that over time they expect use of lead-acid batteries to be phased out in favor of less toxic and more efficient charging methods, such as lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells.

But such changes could take decades.

Despite its difficulties over the Shanghai plant, the company is expanding in China, with annual capacity due to rise to 10.5 million batteries next year with the addition of a new plant in Changqing. A third plant, under construction, will have a capacity of 6 million batteries, and the company is considering locations for a fourth plant.

___

Researcher Fu Ting contributed to this report.

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The Internal Revenue Service is under pressure to better police more than $100 billion of refundable tax credits it issues annually after a government watchdog questioned billions of dollars in payments.

Congress passed in October legislation authorizing a five-fold increase, to $500, in the penalty for paid tax preparers who don’t verify the eligibility of applicants for the earned income credit, by far the largest refundable tax credit.

Tax filers collected refunds of at least $55.1 billion in 2009 from the earned income tax credit, and the IRS estimated that more than $11 billion of that total was issued improperly, sometimes by mistake and sometimes as a result of fraud.

“The IRS is really stepping up enforcement,” Cindy Hockenberry, research supervisor for the National Association of Tax Professionals, said. The initial focus has been on the earned-income credit, but “they’re going to be branching out into other areas,” she said.

The association, based in Appleton, Wis., represents more than 21,000 tax preparers, accountants, attorneys and enrolled agents who work independently or for companies such as H & R Block Inc.

The IRS plans to give earned-income tax credit claims extra scrutiny during the 2012 tax filing season.

Oversight of refundable credits has become a political issue, with Republicans in particular demanding that the IRS do more to weed out ineligible recipients.

“We must balance the mandate to get refunds to those eligible as quickly as possible with ensuring that the money goes only to individuals who are eligible to receive it,” IRS deputy commissioner for services and enforcement, Steve Miller, told a House Ways and Means subcommittee hearing in May.

The earned income tax credit, passed by Congress in 1975 to offset the burden of Social Security taxes for the poor, has been expanded several times with bipartisan support, as an incentive to work.

However, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration J. Russell George criticized the IRS’s administration of the EITC and faulted the agency for potential improper payments involving two other refundable credit programs, one for higher education and the other for families with children payday loans.

George’s reports indicate that more than $18 billion of $101 billion for the three programs may have been improperly awarded.

Unlike a regular tax credit that offsets some or all of a tax liability, a refundable credit can include a cash payment in excess of the tax owed. As a result, refundable credits offer an incentive to defraud the government, George told the House Ways and Means subcommittee in May.

Legislation is pending to narrow eligibility for a refundable child tax credit. In a report in September, George’s investigators found that in 2009 about $4.2 billion, or 15 percent of $28.3 billion in additional child tax credits, had gone to people not authorized to work in the U.S.

The IRS declined George’s recommendation to seek more documentation of eligibility. In a statement at the time, the IRS said that the law authorizing the tax credit didn’t explicitly limit recipients to holders of a specific type of identification such as a Social Security number.

The IRS also took issue with George’s findings on the American Opportunity education tax credit, which helps low- and middle-income people pay for college. The credit, part of the 2009 stimulus law, was extended through December 2012 by legislation that also extended the tax cuts enacted under President George W. Bush.

In a report last month, George said 2.1 million taxpayers in 2009 received $3.2 billion in American Opportunity and other education credits that may have been wrongly awarded. That’s about 17 percent of the $18.7 billion of such credits distributed by the IRS.

The IRS disputed the findings, with spokesman Terry Lemons saying they were based on “a flawed and superficial analysis.”

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Local entrepreneurs didn’t let a little thing like the toughest economic recovery since World War II stand in the way of starting new businesses.

Despite the uncertainty in the economy, the owners of restaurants, coffee shops, and service firms that opened here over the past few years found myriad ways to finance their dreams.

They’ve had to be creative though, as banks pulled back on lending after real estate loan defaults led to losses on many banks’ balance sheets. Loans of less than $1 million from locally chartered banks, which primarily went to small businesses, fell each quarter in 2010 and so far this year. And only a very slim margin of those loans went to startups, according to Julie Stackhouse, senior vice president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

“Small, entrepreneurial businesses have always faced a challenge of finding credit because they .

Firing tear gas and rubber bullets, Egyptian riot police on Sunday clashed for a second day with thousands of rock-throwing protesters demanding that the ruling military quickly announce a date to hand over power to an elected government.

The police battled an estimated 5,000 protesters in and around central Cairo’s Tahrir Square, birthplace of the 18-day uprising that toppled authoritarian leader Hosni Mubarak in February. Tear gas filled the air as protesters, many chanting “freedom, freedom,” pelted the police with rocks.

Sunday’s clashes, which come a day after two people were killed and hundreds wounded in similar violence in the capital and other cities, are stoking tensions eight days before the start of the country’s first post-Mubarak parliamentary elections. Public anger has risen over the slow pace of reforms and apparent attempts by Egypt’s ruling generals to retain power over a future civilian government.

“We have a single demand: The marshal must step down and be replaced by a civilian council,” said protester Ahmed Hani, referring Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi, Egypt’s military ruler and Mubarak’s longtime defense minister.

“The violence yesterday showed us that Mubarak is still in power,” said Hani, who was wounded in the forehead by a rubber bullet. He spoke over chants of “freedom, freedom” by hundreds of protesters around him.

Rocks, shattered glass and trash covered most of the ground in and around Tahrir early Sunday, while a cloud of white smoke caused by the use of dozens of tear gas shells hung in the air. Several hundred protesters were camping out on the lawn of the square’s traffic island, and protesters manning barricades into the square checked the IDs of anyone entering the plaza.

The windows of the main campus of the American University in Cairo, which overlooks the square, were shattered and stores were shuttered. “The marshal is Mubarak’s dog,” said one of a fresh crop of graffiti in the square.

Yahya el-Sawi, a 21-year-old university student, said he was enraged by the sight of riot police beating up protesters already hurt in an earlier attack by the security forces. “I did not support the sit-in at the beginning, but when I saw this brutality I had to come back to be with my brothers,” he said.

Many of the protesters had red eyes and coughed incessantly. Some wore surgical masks to fend off against the tear gas. A few fainted, overwhelmed by the gas.

Sunday’s clashes, which were mostly on a road leading from Tahrir to the Interior Ministry, appeared likely to grow.

Protesters were using social networking sites on the Internet to call on Egyptians to join them, and there were reports of several demonstrations headed to the square, including one from Cairo University guaranteed approval cash advance loans.

The military, which took over from Mubarak, has repeatedly pledged to hand over power to an elected government but it has yet to set a specific date. According to one timetable floated by the military, the handover will take place after presidential elections are held late next year or early in 2013. The protesters say this is too late and accuse the military of dragging its feet. They want a handover to take place immediately after the end of parliamentary elections in March.

On Saturday, police fired rubber bullets, tear gas and beat protesters with batons, clearing the square at one point and pushing the fighting into surrounding side streets of downtown Cairo.

A 23-year-old protester died from a gunshot, said Health Ministry official Mohammed el-Sherbeni. At least 676 people were injured, he said. Another protester was killed in Alexandria, where clashes also took place, said a security official, speaking on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to journalists.

After nightfall, protesters swarmed back into Tahrir in the thousands, and running battles with the police in the streets took place throughout the night. Acrid smoke of tires set ablaze mixed with the stinging white smoke of tear gas.

The government urged protesters to clear the square.

A member of the military council, Maj. Gen. Mohsen el-Fangari, said protesters’ calls for change ahead of the election were a threat to the state.

“What is the point of being in Tahrir?” he asked, speaking by phone to a private TV channel. “What is the point of this strike, of the million marches? Aren’t there legal channels to pursue demands in a way that won’t impact Egypt … internationally?”

“The aim of what is going on is to shake the backbone of the state, which is the armed forces.”

In a warning, he said, “If security is not applied, we will implement the rule of law. Anyone who does wrong will pay for it.”

Saturday’s confrontation was one of the few since the uprising to involve the police, which have largely stayed in the background while the military took charge of security. There was no military presence in and around the square on Saturday or on Sunday. The black-clad police were a hated symbol of Mubarak’s regime.

Some of the wounded had blood streaming down their faces and many had to be carried out of the square by fellow protesters to waiting ambulances. Human rights activists accused police of using excessive force.

Police arrested 18 people, state TV reported, describing the protesters as rioters.

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U.S. builders started slightly fewer homes in October but submitted plans for a wave of apartments, a mixed sign for the struggling housing market.

Builders broke ground on a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 628,000 homes last month, down 0.3 percent from September. That’s roughly half the 1.2 million homes that economists say must be built to sustain a healthy housing market.

Building permits, a gauge of future construction, rose nearly 11 percent. The increase was spurred by a 30 percent increase in apartment permits, which reached its highest level in three years.

New-home construction and sales are in the midst of one of its worst years in history. Demand for new homes is weak and historically-low mortgage rates and plunging home prices have done little to help.

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