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Calm returned to the stock market Wednesday. Stocks rose smoothly a day after their biggest loss this year as reassuring reports on productivity and hiring overshadowed jitters about the Greek debt crisis.

The Dow Jones industrial average rose 78 points, or 0.6 percent, to 12,837 as of 11:20 a.m. Eastern time. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index rose 9, or 0.7 percent, to 1,352. The Nasdaq composite index rose 23, or 0.8 percent, to 2,933.

The Dow dove 203 points on Tuesday, the first hiccup in this year’s strong rally. Many market-watchers believe that stocks had risen too quickly and were due for a setback. Before Tuesday, the Dow had been up more than 6 percent for the year. The Standard & Poor’s 500 had been up 8.5 percent.

The sell-off was brought on by fears about the latest deadline in Greece’s debt crisis. Hedge funds and banks that own Greek government debt have until Thursday night to exchange their bonds for new bonds that are less valuable. If too few are willing, Greece might default, which could rattle the global financial system.

Jerry Webman, chief economist at OppenheimerFunds Inc., said Tuesday’s decline was no surprise after such a strong rally.

“You wouldn’t expect to get it all back in one day,” Webman said of Wednesday’s modest gains. He said the February employment report, due out Friday, will signal whether hiring is brisk enough to offset the economic drag of high gas prices.

“There’s a foot race between gas bills and paychecks,” he said. “If we continue to print new paychecks at the rate we’ve been adding them, that mitigates a lot of the damage of higher gasoline prices.”

Two encouraging signs about the labor market emerged before the market opened. The government said U.S. workers were more efficient late last year, though productivity grew more slowly than in the summer. Productivity measures output per hour worked. As productivity grows more slowly, employers might hire more workers to keep up with demand.

A closely-watched private estimate of hiring also exceeded economists’ expectations. Payroll processor ADP said employers added 216,000 jobs last month. The result lifted hopes about the big February jobs report, due to be released Friday.

Investors who fear that Tuesday’s decline signals the end of the four-month rally might be glad to know that the rally has survived six other 200-point drops in the Dow.

On Nov. 21, the Dow fell 248 points after a congressional committee failed to reach a deal to reduce federal spending. Two days later, it fell 236 points because of worries about the European debt crisis.

Despite those falls, the Dow is still up almost 20 percent since Oct. 3, 2011 and 4.7 percent this year. The S&P 500 index, a broader measure of the market, is up 7.2 percent for the year. Just last week, the Dow closed above 13,000 for the first time since May 2008.

Even before Tuesday, there was a sense among many market watchers that stock buyers may have gotten ahead of themselves. Skeptics argued that stock prices reflected a recovering U.S. economy but downplayed the risk of a European recession and a default in Greece.

Among stocks making big moves:

_ Internet radio company Pandora Media Inc. dove 24 percent after its projected results for the first quarter badly missed analysts’ estimates.

_ Netflix rose 1.5 percent after CEO Reed Hastings recently suggested that the video streaming and DVD-by-mail company form partnerships with cable TV companies to expand its customer base. The company has about 22 million online streaming subscribers in the U.S.

_ American Eagle Outfitters rose 4.9 percent. The teen clothing retailer said it expects profit margins and sales to improve this year. Revenue at stores open at least a year rose 10 percent in the fourth quarter.

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The head of the European Central Bank said Greece’s compliance with its bailout agreement must be “flawless” for the financially struggling country to avoid worse trouble.

ECB head Mario Draghi said in an interview with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that “the key to controlling risks lies with the implementation of the program, which has to be flawless.”

Greece has agreed to reduce wages, cut spending and make its economy more business-friendly in return for a second, euro130 billion ($173 billion) bailout from other eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund.

The harsh cutbacks have drawn opposition in Greece, which is in a deep recession.

Draghi said it was crucial for any government to support the agreed program of reforms, even after elections that are expected in March.

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Barnes & Noble said Tuesday that its fiscal third-quarter net income fell 14 percent, as rising costs offset higher sales of both traditional books and digital books.

The company also said Tuesday that it is introducing a Nook Tablet device with 8 gigabytes of memory for $199. Its current 16GB device sells for $249. Barnes & Noble’s biggest e-book reader competitor, Amazon.com’s Kindle Fire, is also 8GB and sells for $199.

Barnes & Noble cut the price of its Nook Color device to $169 from $199. It has fewer tablet-like features than the Nook Tablet.

Revenue from its Nook e-readers and digital catalog rose 38 percent to $542 million. The figure includes the actual selling prices for e-books, rather than the commission received on selling them, and also includes all deferred e-reader device revenue.

Traditional book sales rose 4 percent. That could partly be due to the fact that it was the first holiday season it did not have to contend with competition from Borders, its chief rival that liquidated last year.

Barnes & Noble has been shifting store inventory away from books toward games and toys and other gift items. That strategy seems to be paying off.

Revenue in stores open at least one year rose 2.8 percent. The measure is a key indicator of a retailer’s financial health because it excludes stores that opened or closed during the year.

“In the third quarter, our traffic and sales in stores were the highest we’ve seen in five years,” said Barnes & Noble CEO William Lynch.

Net income for the 13 weeks ended Jan. 28 fell to $52 million, or 71 cents per share. That compares to a loss of $60.6 million or $1 per share last year. Excluding one-time times, net income totaled 99 cents per share. Analysts expected 94 cents per share.

Revenue rose 5 percent to $2.44 billion. Analysts expected revenue of $2.53 billion.

The company’s cost of sales rose nearly 12 percent and its selling and administrative expenses were up about 14 percent.

Barnes & Noble reaffirmed its guidance for the full year. The bookseller expects a yearly loss of $1.40 to $1.10 per share on total sales between $7 billion and $7.2 billion. Analysts expect a loss of $1.14 per share on revenue of $7.26 billion.

Barnes & Noble shares rose 50 cents, or 3.8 percent, to $13.61 in morning trading.

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U.S. stocks capped off a solid week on either side of the break even line Friday, as investors hesitated to make big bets ahead of a key vote on a second bailout for Greece.

The Dow Jones industrial average () rose 46 points, or 0.4%, closing at the highest level since May 2008. The S&P 500 () edged up 3 points, or 0.2%, and the Nasdaq () lost 8 points, or 0.3%.

Investors are optimistic that European finance ministers will sign off on Greece’s latest economic reform proposal when they meet Monday. Their approval is needed in order for Greece to receive bailout funds and avoid default on a €14.5 billion bond redemption in March.

But until they receive official word, investors are taking a breather going into the long weekend and Monday’s big meeting.

"From an investor’s perspective, European leaders have over-promised and under-delivered over and over for the past several months," said Michael Sheldon, chief market strategist at RDM Financial Group. "Until we see some signatures on a dotted line, there are still questions about Europe’s ability to contain its issues."

Greek bailout: The pressure is on

Friday’s muted moves came a day after the stocks gained more than 1%, with the Nasdaq closing at a decade high.

All three indexes posted solid gains for the week. The Dow rose 1.2%, while the S&P 500 added 1.4%. The Nasdaq jumped nearly 1.7%.

For the year, the Dow is up almost 6%, and the S&P 500 is up more than 8%. The Nasdaq has made an impressive 13% run.

"All the economic data recently has been pointing to a rebound in economic growth, which has propelled stocks higher," said Sheldon. "But the market might be getting ahead of itself from a sentiment perspective, so it may be due for a pause or a brief pullback."

Europe: Out of ICU but still ill

But as long as economic data continue to come in strong, and Europe continues to work toward a solution for its problems, the market should trend higher in the months ahead, said Sheldon.

Markets will be closed Monday for Presidents Day.

World markets: European stocks finished modestly higher. Britain’s FTSE 100 () added 0.3%, the DAX () in Germany rose 1.4% and France’s CAC 40 () gained 1.3%.

Asian markets ended higher. The Shanghai Composite () edged up slightly, the Hang Seng () in Hong Kong rose 1% and Japan’s Nikkei () popped 1.6%.

Economy: The Consumer Price Index rose 0.2% in January, after holding steady the two months prior. Analysts were expecting a rise of 0.3%.

Core inflation rose 0.2%, compared to estimates for 0.1% uptick.

The Conference Board’s Leading Economic Indicators index ticked up 0.4% in January, a bit less than forecasts for a 0.5% increase.

Companies: Shares of H.J. Heinz (, Fortune 500) moved higher after the company beat earnings estimates, thanks to growth in emerging markets.

Campbell Soup’s (, Fortune 500) stock also edged higher after the company’s second-quarter profit declined but still managed to beat forecasts.

Nordstrom (, Fortune 500) shares were lower after the retailer issued a disappointing profit forecast for the year.

Green Mountain Coffee’s new Vue

Baidu (), China’s top search engine, beat fourth-quarter earnings and sales estimates, but shares edged lower as the company issued a disappointing first-quarter revenue outlook.

Gilead Sciences (, Fortune 500) shares tumbled after the drugmaker said that the majority of patients involved in a hepatitis C treatment experienced a relapse within four weeks of completion.

Shares of Brightcove (), known for its Internet video platform, surged more than 35% in its stock market debut. The company’s shares were priced at $11 in its initial public offering, and soared above $15 on Friday.

McNeil, a Johnson & Johnson (, Fortune 500) company, is recalling more than half a million bottles of Infants’ Tylenol because of consumer complaints about the difficulties of using the dosing system.

Currencies and commodities: The dollar edged lower against the euro and the British pound, but rose versus the Japanese yen.

Oil for March delivery gained 93 cents to settle at nine-month high of $103.24 a barrel.

Gold futures for April delivery fell $2.50 to settle at $1,725.90 an ounce.

Bonds: The price on the benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury fell, pushing the yield up to 2.01% from 1.99% late Thursday.  

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Japan

It’s still more than a day away until the Super Bowl and I’ve already seen the Volkswagen commercial that shows a pudgy dog running on a treadmill in order to lose weight.

I’ve already seen Matthew Broderick call in sick so he can ride roller coasters, chase little kids at a museum and frolic on the beach in a Ferris Bueller-like day of revelry - and driving a Honda CRV to get from place to place.

And I’ve already seen the tattoo-rific David Beckham in his undies for H&M’s new ad campaign.

So is there any reason left to tune in to the big game on Sunday night?

Oh right, I guess there is the football. But with more companies than ever uploading their Super Bowl commercials in advance on YouTube and other websites this year, there will be fewer surprises on Sunday night. So will people take a pass on the commercials and actually use that time for a bathroom break?

Seethu Seetharaman, a marketing professor at Washington University, doesn’t think so. He thinks the early releases will just whet people’s appetite and help build excitement leading up to the game. After all, some companies are only putting out teasers or trailers of their ads.

“There is the danger of newness being lost,” he acknowledged.

But one of the most memorable and buzzed-about commercials last year - the kid dressed up as Darth Vader in a Volkswagen ad - was released online in advance of the big game, he noted.

That gets closer to Seetharaman’s main point. He questions the wisdom of companies wasting - err, spending - $3.5 million on a 30-second spot at all when they could get free exposure through a viral, online campaign.

Craig Kaminer, president of the St. Louis-based marketing agency Twist, also emphasized the free part of releasing commercials early on YouTube.

“You can get millions of additional people to see it and it doesn’t cost you anything,” he said. “At the end of the day, advertisers are interested in one thing and that’s getting to the most number of people to spread their message.”

And while some people may have seen some of the commercials before Sunday night, up until then it will have mostly been an individual experience. But during the game, it will be a communal activity with your family and friends, he said.

That is something I can understand. For the first time in many years, I found myself glued to the television at a friend’s Super Bowl party last year. Actually, I alternated between the TV and my iPhone.

I gave myself whiplash as I devoured snarky tweets from my friends - and yes, from the random group of witty people I don’t know who I follow on Twitter - as they dished out their real-time commentary on the ads.

That’s something you can’t recapture the next day.

So I’ll be tuning in on Sunday - with my smartphone at my side.

SIN IS IN

This year is shaping up to be a pretty good year for sin.

At least, that’s what the research firm IBISWorld concludes in a recent report tracking industries that it has assigned to each of the seven deadly sins.

With more disposable income at our fingertips - and with the help of new technologies - IBISWorld said Americans will find more ways to indulge themselves in 2012. Apparently, this will be a bountiful year for envy, lust and sloth. Yippee! But growth will be a bit slower for those who peddle in pride and greed. Boo!

The firm does takes liberties with its labels. For example, I’m sure there are plenty of gun manufacturers out there who would object to being placed into the “wrath” category. But nonetheless, it makes for some colorful reading.

So here’s a quick snapshot:

• Envy: Jewelry store sales are projected to grow 4.5 percent this year.

• Lust: Online dating sales are expected to increase 3.5 percent.

• Sloth: The “do-it-for-me” market of maids, nannies, personal chefs, gardeners and butlers is expected to grow 3.4 percent.

• Gluttony: Fast-food restaurants are expected to grow 2.6 percent.

• Wrath: Gun and ammunition manufacturers are projected to be up 2.3 percent.

• Pride: Tanning salon sales are expected to increase 2 percent.

• Greed: Commercial banking is expected to be up 1.9 percent.

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Payments processor MasterCard says it took a $495 million charge in its fourth quarter to cover potential losses from an ongoing lawsuit brought by merchants over the fees they pay on credit card transactions.

The Purchase, N.Y.-based company says the charge represents the after-tax portion of a potential settlement in the case. Wall Street had speculated the bill would run about $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion if MasterCard Inc. and rival Visa Inc. settle the suit.

The charge reduced MasterCard’s fourth-quarter profit. The company earned $19 million, or 15 cents per share, on revenue of $1.73 billion. Removing the charge, it says profit came to $4.03 per share,

Analysts were expecting profit of $3.92 per share, on revenue of $1.73 billion.

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Much work remains to maximize U.S. employment and stabilize prices, and the central bank will do its part, an influential Federal Reserve official said on Friday.

The pace of the U.S. economic recovery remains “sluggish” and is likely to slow somewhat this year, said New York Fed President William Dudley. Unemployment is likely to remain “unacceptably high” for some time, he added, while inflation is likely to be below the Fed’s new 2-percent objective for several years.

“Clearly, much work remains to achieve the Fed’s dual mandate of maximum sustainable employment in the context of price stability,” Dudley told reporters in a regular briefing.

The Fed, which has kept interest rates near zero for more than three years, “has done and will continue to do its part in supporting the recovery - but it is not all-powerful,” he added.

“Other complementary policy actions in housing, fiscal policy and structural adjustment or rebalancing of the economy will be essential if we are to achieve the best available recovery.”

Aside from the low rates, the Fed has also bought $2.3 trillion in long-term securities in an unprecedented drive to spur growth and revive the economy after the worst recession in decades. Yet the recovery has been slow and the outlook issued by the Fed this week was bleak, leading the central bank to say it expects to keep rates “exceptionally low” at least through late 2014.

Dudley, a permanent voter on the Fed’s policy-setting committee, added that he expects “moderate” growth this year, and warned the risks are skewed to the downside in part because of Europe’s debt crisis business cards design.

The economy continues to operate with “significant excess slack,” he said, adding: “Inflation has retreated and may be headed down further.”

On Wednesday, Chairman Ben Bernanke said the Fed stood ready to offer more stimulus in the form of bond purchases if inflation remains below 2 percent - a formal target unveiled earlier that day - and if unemployment, now at 8.5 percent, remains high.

The speech by Dudley, a policy dove focused on driving down the high jobless numbers, could add confidence to those who, since the Wednesday meeting, see another round of asset purchases - including mortgage-backed securities - as all but inevitable.

Still, the slow overall recovery has cast some doubt on the U.S. central bank’s far-reaching strategy, with some, including congressional Republicans, warning that the massive quantitative easing efforts over the last few years could crimp the Fed’s ability to tighten policy when the time comes.

The Fed’s ultra easy monetary policy stance, to nurse the recovery, got some support from data on Friday showing U.S. gross domestic product expanded at a 2.8 percent annual rate in the fourth quarter of 2011.

It was a sharp acceleration from the 1.8 percent clip of the prior three months and the quickest pace since the second quarter of 2010. But it was a touch below economist expectations in a Reuters poll for a 3-percent rate, and nearly 2 percentage points were attributed to the build-up in business inventories.

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Attention college students: The interest rate on federal student loans is scheduled to double this summer unless Congress acts soon.

Loans taken out for the current school year carried an interest rate of 3.4%, thanks to a 2007 law that phased in rate reductions for subsidized Stafford loans to undergraduate students. But the law did not specify the rate after this year. So unless something is done, rates on new loans will revert back to 6.8% — where they were in 2007.

President Obama urged lawmakers in his State of the Union address Tuesday to stop this rate hike from going into effect. He also asked Congress to extend the enhanced Hope Scholarship program, which increased the maximum tax credit to $2,500. And he wants to double the number of federal work-study jobs.

But it remains to be seen whether this deficit-conscious Congress will act, especially since extending the 3.4% rate would cost $5.6 billion a year, according to Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of FinAid.org. All told, Obama’s proposals would total at least $10 billion a year.

While the president has focused on expanding access to college for low- and middle-income children, lawmakers have taken several steps to whittle away at student aid.

5 colleges slashing tuition

Congress has eliminated subsidized loans for graduate students, as well as most discounts. They also cut $8 billion out of the Pell Grant program for low-income students and reduced the income threshold for eligibility for a full Pell Grant.

"[Since] Congress just passed legislation cutting student financial aid funding, it’s unlikely they’ll pass legislation increasing student aid funding," Kantrowitz said.

Raising student loan rates will prove costly, said Lauren Asher, president of the Project on Student Debt. Someone who graduates with $23,000 in debt will pay an additional $4,600 in interest over 10 years.

Two-thirds of college seniors graduating in 2010 had student loan debt, and the average balance was more than $25,000, the project found.

"In this tough economy, people are concerned about the cost of college and the burden of debt to follow," Asher said. 

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It’s a move that Ameren Missouri’s founders couldn’t have possibly imagined more than a century ago: Utility officials on Friday proposed spending $145 million over three years to reduce electricity use.

The filing comes three months after Ameren made deep and widely criticized cuts to its existing efficiency programs, saying they penalized shareholders by not compensating the company for lost energy sales.

The program proposed on Friday would more than double what Ameren Missouri was spending on energy efficiency before the cuts, and promises to save its customers 800 million kilowatt-hours a year, an amount of equal to the energy use of 60,000 homes.

Of course, energy efficiency programs aren’t free — and Ameren wants ratepayers to finance them. From 2013 through the end of 2015, Ameren would collect the cost of implementing the plan through a surcharge on customer bills that would equal a rate increase of a little more than 3 percent, said Warren Wood, the utility’s vice president of legislative and regulatory affairs.

But all of Ameren’s 1.2 million customers will benefit from a reduction in energy use, Wood said.

“This filing aligns the business interests of the utilities and their customers,” he said.

The Public Service Commission has 120 days to review Ameren’s proposal. If approved, it would take effect in January 2013.

The plan is the first filed by St. Louis-based Ameren under the Missouri Energy Efficiency Investment Act. The law, signed by Gov. Jay Nixon in 2009, was designed to encourage reductions in energy use by allowing utilities to earn the same profit on energy efficiency investments that they do on investments in power plants, poles and wires. The PSC, utilities and other groups have spent the past two years debating rules to implement the law.

Ameren spent $70 million on efficiency from 2009 to 2011, helping customers save more than 550 million kilowatt-hours. But the those efforts led to $26.4 million in losses, according to Wood. That amount will grow to $60 million by 2014 — the reason why Ameren killed many of the rebates and other incentives at the end of September to the chagrin of energy efficiency advocates.

Wood explained the problem like this: Every time a customer pays their electric bill, some of the money is used to pay for variable costs like coal and other fuel used to run power plants. Another piece goes to cover fixed costs like poles, wires and substations — infrastructure that’s needed regardless of how many electrons flow through the grid.

When electricity demand declines, so does revenue, including that portion that goes to cover fixed costs. Friday’s proposal would compensate Ameren for that lost revenue while still producing tangible benefits for consumers, he said.

Efficiency and consumer advocates hadn’t read through all of the hundreds of pages that Ameren filed as of Friday afternoon.

While they would welcome an increase in efficiency spending in Ameren’s plan, they said they need to analyze the details before endorsing or opposing the plan.

“Are they seeking to be overcompensated (for efficiency investments)? Are they overreaching?” asked Lewis Mills Jr., Missouri’s Public Counsel. “That’s my biggest concern.”

Rebecca Stanfield of the Natural Resources Defense Council’s Chicago office said it’s time for Ameren, regulators, and consumer and environmental groups to make energy efficiency work in Missouri.

“We’ve had three years of positioning and brinksmanship on this issue,” she said. “All of the parties need to recognize that there’s tremendous value in what can be created with these programs. Lets look at the big picture of what we could achieve if they are successful.”

No one disputes that energy efficiency must be a significant part of the state’s energy policy. That includes Ameren, which has identified efficiency as the cheapest way to meet energy demand in the future.

Missouri has long been dependent on relatively cheap coal to meet its electricity needs. But prices for the fuel and cost of hauling it from mines in Wyoming have been increasing. And new environmental regulations aimed at cutting back on air and water pollution from coal-fired power plants are certain to lead to further increases.

The state also continues to lag behind most others when it comes to policies to reduce energy use. The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy ranks Missouri 44th in the nation for energy efficiency.

In Illinois, meanwhile, utilities are increasing spending on energy efficiency programs. That includes Ameren’s sister utility, which sells electricity to customers across much of central and southern Illinois.

Ameren Illinois will spend $78 million this year on discounts and rebates for energy saving lighting and appliances to its 1.2 million electric customers and 800,000 gas customers.

One key difference is that Illinois has an energy efficiency standard. The law requires Ameren and the state’s other investor-owned utility, ComEd, to cut energy use by 25 percent from 2007 levels by 2025.

Without a mandate, Missouri utilities must be willing to aggressively push efficiency programs on their own. How to get them do that has been a contentious issue.

Mills, the main advocate for consumers on utility issues, realizes some Ameren customers may chafe at the idea of seeing bills go up, at least initially, to pay for energy efficiency programs.

But energy efficiency can benefit all consumers — even those who don’t take advantage of rebates and other incentives — by lowering statewide energy use, Mills said. That can help utilities defer or avoid building new power plants or running more expensive plants when electricity demand spikes.

“While it looks like rates are going to be going up,” he said, “they’re going to be going up more if we don’t do this.”

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